The evolution of Buddhist meditation: From Siddhartha Gautama to contemporary practices

This paper traces the problematic development and deep impact of Buddhist meditation from its historical beginnings as set by the Buddha Siddhartha Gautama to its various interpretations and applications in contemporary practice. Rooted in the Buddha's quest for liberation from suffering, meditation emerged as a cornerstone of the Eightfold Path. This includes various practices that cultivate mindfulness (sati), concentration (samadhi), and insight (vipassana). These principles have been a part of the spiritual and ethical framework of Buddhist traditions for centuries.

Research encompasses the development of meditation from unique Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana doctrinal emphases and cultural adaptations. Here, Theravada centers on mindfulness and insight leading to personal enlightenment; Mahayana emphasizes universal compassion and the bodhisattva ideal; Vajrayana incorporates visualization, recitation of mantras, and other advanced esoteric techniques for rapid spiritual evolution.

It discusses sociocultural integration into meditation practice to explore the practice among monks and laymen and discusses some of the great Buddhist scholars, including Buddhaghosa and Nagarjuna. It looks into how it has been disseminated and spread across different cultures over time through ancient historical literature, missionary works, and other modern global practices.

Contemporary, Buddhism meditation has crossed boundaries to touch other fields including psychology, neuroscience, and well-being. Practices like mindfulness meditation have been secularized and widely used as instruments of stress reduction, emotional regulation, and cognitive improvement.